351: Revolts in Cyprus and Phoenicia appear - Scroll Down for more details

The Revolts in Cyprus and Phoenicia (351 BCE) - A Challenge to Persian Rule

Introduction

In 351 BCE, the Achaemenid Persian Empire, under the rule of Artaxerxes III (Ochus), faced a significant uprising in its western territories—Cyprus and Phoenicia. These revolts were part of a broader pattern of resistance against Persian authority, fueled by regional discontent, economic pressures, and the empire's heavy-handed governance.

Background: Persian Control Over Cyprus and Phoenicia

By the mid-4th century BCE, the Achaemenid Empire had long dominated the eastern Mediterranean, including the strategic regions of Cyprus and Phoenicia (modern-day Lebanon and parts of Syria). These areas were vital for trade, naval power, and military logistics.

• Cyprus: The island was divided among several city-kingdoms (such as Salamis, Kition, and Amathus), which had varying degrees of loyalty to Persia.
  
• Phoenicia: The wealthy mercantile cities (Tyre, Sidon, Byblos) were crucial for Persian naval strength but had a history of rebellion when central authority weakened.

Causes of the Revolt

The uprisings in 351 BCE were likely triggered by:
1. Heavy Taxation {content}amp; Persian Oppression: Artaxerxes III was known for his harsh policies, including increased tributes and suppression of local autonomy.
2. Egyptian Influence: The successful revolt of Egypt (404-343 BCE) against Persia may have inspired Phoenician and Cypriot leaders.
3. Greek Support: Some Cypriot and Phoenician rulers may have sought aid from Greek states, particularly Athens, which had historical ties to the region.

The Course of the Revolt

• Phoenicia: The rebellion was led by Tennes, the king of Sidon, who mobilized other Phoenician cities against Persia. Sidon fortified itself and sought alliances, possibly with Egypt.
  
• Cyprus: Several Cypriot kings joined the revolt, declaring independence from Persia. The island's strategic position made it a valuable prize for any anti-Persian coalition.

Persian Response {content}amp; Suppression

Artaxerxes III responded with overwhelming force:
- A large Persian army, supported by Greek mercenaries, marched into Phoenicia.
- Sidon's Betrayal: Tennes allegedly betrayed his own city, allowing Persian forces to enter. Sidon was brutally sacked—its inhabitants massacred, and the city burned.
- Cyprus Reconquered: The Persian fleet and army subdued the island, reinstating loyal rulers or replacing rebellious ones.

Aftermath {content}amp; Significance

• The crushing of the revolts reinforced Persian dominance but also exposed the empire's vulnerability to regional uprisings.
  
• The suppression weakened Phoenician naval power, which would later benefit Alexander the Great in his conquest of Persia (334-323 BCE).
  
• The events demonstrated the difficulty of maintaining control over distant, culturally distinct provinces under an increasingly oppressive imperial system.

Conclusion

The revolts of 351 BCE were a critical moment in the decline of Achaemenid Persia, showcasing both the empire's military might and its growing instability. The brutal suppression of Sidon and Cyprus foreshadowed the eventual collapse of Persian rule in the face of Macedonian expansion under Alexander.

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